In higher plants, there are three carotenoid pigments which might be energetic within the xanthophyll cycle: violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin. During mild stress, violaxanthin is converted, i.e. reduced, to zeaxanthin via the intermediate antheraxanthin, which performs a direct photoprotective role appearing as a lipid-protective anti-oxidant and...
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ErikaLane43
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